Biological Identification of Skulls in Indonesian and Thai Populations: Ancestry Estimation, Sex Determination, Stature Estimation, and Age Estimation / Identificación Biológica de Cráneos en Poblaciones de Indonesia y Tailandia: Estimación de Ascendencia, Determinación del Sexo, Estimación de Estatura y Estimación de Edad

SUMMARY: This review article will present an overview of biological profiles in forensic utilities. The biological profile of the skull in the existing literature can help to identify humans, especially if the condition of the victim found is a result of mutilation or a bomb explosion. When it comes to the precision of identifying skeletal remains, the human skull is frequently cited as being first in the estimation of age and ancestry and second in terms of sex and stature. It can be an alternative to assessing the following biological parameters: sex, age, stature, and ancestry. The implementation of biological profiles in the identification process is very important considering that some cases require the assistance of forensic anthropology. This review article shows the importance of the value of skulls. The method that can be applied is craniometry which can be used to determine sex, age, stature, and estimated ancestry. Different results will occur depending on the completeness of the skull. Therefore, estimation formulas have different accurate results. Discriminant function analysis has been performed on various measurement sets and its discriminant power has been validated by many researchers. Geometric morphometric analysis has become the main tool for shape analysis and many attempts have been made to use it in analyzing skulls. Several methods supported by technology have also been developed. It is hoped that the review article will show significant differences in results between studies in Thailand and Indonesia, even though they are in the same racial group.

Este artículo presenta una descripción general de los perfiles biológicos en las utilidades forenses. El perfil biológico del cráneo en la literatura existente puede ayudar a identificar a los humanos, especialmente si la condición en la que se encuentra la víctima es el resultado de una mutilación o la explosión de una bomba. Cuando se trata de la precisión en la identificación de restos óseos, el cráneo humano se cita con frecuencia como el primero en la estimación de edad y ascendencia y el segundo en términos de sexo y estatura. Puede ser una alternativa para evaluar los siguientes parámetros biológicos: sexo, edad, estatura y ascendencia. La implementación de perfiles biológicos en el proceso de identificación es importante considerando que algunos casos requieren la asistencia de la antropología forense. Este artículo de revisión muestra la importancia del valor de las cnezas óseas. El método que se puede aplicar es la craneometría para determinar el sexo, la edad, la estatura y la ascendencia estimada. Se pueden obtener diferentes resultados dependiendo de la integridad del cráneo. Por lo tanto, las fórmulas de estimación tienen resultados precisos diferentes. Se ha realizado un análisis de función discriminante en varios conjuntos de medidas y muchos investigadores han validado su poder discriminante. El análisis a través de la morfometría geométrica se ha convertido en la principal herramienta para el análisis de formas y se ha utilizado frecuentemente en el análisis de cráneos. También se han desarrollado varios métodos apoyados en la tecnología. Se espera que este trabajo muestre diferencias significativas en los resultados entre los estudios realizados en Tailandia e Indonesia, aunque pertenezcan al mismo grupo racial.

Sonographic and Anatomical Evaluation of the Liver and Portal Vein Reference Values / Evaluación Ecográfica y Anatómica de los Valores de Referencia del Hígado y la Vena Porta

SUMMARY: This paper's aim is a morphometric evaluation of liver and portal vein morphometry using ultrasonography in healthy Turkish population. This study was carried out with 189 subjects (107 females, 82 males). The demographic data and the body surface area were calculated. The longitudinal axis of the liver for two lobes, diagonal axis or liver span, anteroposterior diameter of the liver and portal vein, portal vein transverse diameter, caudate lobe anteroposterior diameter, and portal vein internal diameters as well as longitudinal liver scans in an aortic plane, sagittal plane, transverse plane, and kidney axis were measured. All measurements were analyzed according to age, sex, body mass index, obesity and alcohol consumption. The mean values of the age, height, weight and body mass index were calculated as 44.39 years, 167.05 cm, 74.23 kg, and 27.06kg/m2 in females, respectively. The same values were 44.13 years, 167.70 cm, 75.93 kg and 26.71 kg/m2 in males, respectively. There was significant difference between demographic characteristics, gender, and alcohol consumption in terms of anteroposterior diameter of the liver, portal vein transverse diameter of the right side and liver transverse scan. Also, some measurements including portal vein transverse diameter, liver transverse scan and at kidney axis longitudinal scan of liver showed significant difference between the age groups. There was significant difference in diagonal axis and anteroposterior diameter of liver, portal vein internal diameter, and longitudinal liver scans of the aortic plane parameters between obesity situation. The findings obtained will provide important and useful reference values as it may determine some abnormalities related liver diseases. Also, age, sex, obesity and body mass index values can be effective in the liver and portal vein morphometry related parameters.

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una evaluación de la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta mediante ecografía en una población turca sana. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en 189 sujetos (107 mujeres, 82 hombres). Se calcularon los datos demográficos y la superficie corporal. Se midió eleje longitudinal del de dos lóbulos del hígado, el eje diagonal o la extensión del hígado, los diámetros anteroposterior del hígado y de la vena porta, el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, anteroposterior del lóbulo caudado y los diámetros internos de la vena porta, así como las exploraciones longitudinales del hígado en un plano aórtico. Se midieron el plano sagital, el plano transversal y el eje del riñón. Todas las mediciones se analizaron según edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, obesidad y consumo de alcohol. Los valores medios de edad, talla, peso e índice de masa corporal se calcularon como 44,39 años, 167,05 cm, 74,23 kg y 27,06 kg/m2 en las mujeres, respectivamente. Las mismas variable fueron 44,13 años, 167,70 cm, 75,93 kg y 26,71 kg/m2. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las características demográficas, el sexo y el consumo de alcohol en términos de diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, diámetro transversal de la vena porta del lado derecho y exploración transversal del hígado. Además, algunas mediciones, incluido el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, la exploración transversal del hígado y la exploración longitudinal del hígado en el eje del riñón, mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad. Hubo diferencias significativas en el eje diagonal y el diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, el diámetro interno de la vena porta y los parámetros de las exploraciones hepáticas longitudinales del plano aórtico entre situaciones de obesidad. Los hallazgos obtenidos proporcionarán valores de referencia importantes y útiles ya que pueden determinar algunas anomalías relacionadas con enfermedades hepáticas. Además, los valores de edad, sexo, obesidad e índice de masa corporal pueden ser eficaces en los parámetros relacionados con la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta.

Papel do cirurgião dentista frente aos casos de abuso sexual infantil: uma revisão da literatura / Role of the dental surgeon in cases of child sexual abuse: a literature review

Objetivo:Revisar a literatura a respeito do papel do cirurgião-dentista frente aos casos de abuso sexual infantil, abordando sua importância na identificação e no encaminhamento adequado das vítimas, além de discutir a necessidade de conscientização eimplementação de políticas públicasque abordem o tema.Revisão deliteratura:O ambiente odontológico é um ambiente propício para a identificação de sinais de abusosexual infantil, uma vez que o profissional tem contato direto com a saúde bucal e facial das crianças. Desempenha um papel fundamental ao observar e reportar esses sinais, contribuindo para a identificação precoce e o encaminhamento adequado das vítimas.Discussão:A literatura préviasugere a necessidade de fornecersubsídios teóricos, aprofundados no tema,para contribuir na ampliação do conhecimento nessa área. Sendo importantea conscientização e capacitação do cirurgião-dentista nesse contexto, bem como a criação de políticas públicas que visam umaabordagem multidisciplinarquecontribuaparaa conscientização, prevenção e a promoção de ações voltadas à proteção das crianças e ao combate do abuso sexual infantil.Conclusão:O cirurgião-dentista desempenha um papel fundamental na identificação e no encaminhamento adequado das vítimas de abuso sexual infantil. É essencial que esses profissionais sejam devidamente capacitados e conscientizados sobre a importância desse tema, além de estabelecerem uma rede de colaboração com outros profissionais da saúde e serviços especializados.

Aim:To review the literature regarding the role of the dental surgeon in cases of child sexual abuse, addressing its importance in identifying and properly referring victims, in addition to discussing the need for awareness and implementation of public policies that address the issue. Literature review:The dental environment is a favorable environment for identifying signs of child sexual abuse, since the professional has direct contact with the oral and facial health of children. It plays a key role in observing and reporting these signs, contributing to the early identification and proper referral of victims. Discussion:Previous literature suggests the need to provide theoretical subsidies, in depth on the subject, to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in this area. It is important to raise awareness and training of dentists in this context, as well as the creation of public policies aimed at a multidisciplinary approach that contributes to awareness, prevention and promotion of actions aimed at protecting children and combating child sexual abuse. Conclusion:The dental surgeon plays a key role in identifying and properly referring victims of child sexual abuse. It is essential that these professionals are properly trained and aware of the importance of this topic, in addition to establishing a collaboration network with other health professionals and specialized services.

Abuso sexual contra crianças no contexto da Enfermagem: uma análise de conceito / Child sexual abuse in the context of Nursing: a concept analysis

OBJETIVO: Realizar a análise do conceito de abuso sexual em crianças, identificando os possíveis atributos, antecedentes e consequências. MÉTODO: Foi conduzida uma análise de conceito, estruturada por meio de uma scoping review. A busca foi realizada em 6 bases de dados e, após análise, um total de 17 artigos foram incluídos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados, como antecedentes, crianças com idade acima de 8 anos, do sexo feminino, sendo o agressor frequentemente um parente da vítima ou até mesmo o próprio pai. Quanto aos atributos, foram identificadas alterações psicológicas, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e gravidez indesejada. As consequências observadas foram predominantemente de natureza psicológica, incluindo depressão e comportamento suicida. CONCLUSÃO: No total, foram agrupados nove antecedentes que estão relacionados aos fatores que levam à vulnerabilidade do abuso. Além disso, foram identificados 11 atributos correspondentes aos sinais característicos que indicam que uma criança é vítima de abuso. Por fim, foram observadas 12 consequências decorrentes da violência sexual infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a conceptual analysis of child sexual abuse to identify possible attributes, antecedents, and consequences. METHOD: A concept analysis was conducted using a scoping review methodology. Searches were conducted in 6 databases, resulting in 17 articles after analysis. RESULTS: Antecedents included children older than 8 years, female gender, the perpetrator often being a relative of the victim or even the biological father. Psychological changes, sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancies were identified. The consequences observed were mainly psychological, including depression and suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Nine antecedents were grouped as factors contributing to vulnerability to abuse. In addition, 11 attributes correspond to characteristic signs indicating that a child is a victim of maltreatment. Finally, 12 consequences of child sexual violence were observed.

Exploring the unusual: a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor

ABSTRACT Ovarian steroid cell tumors are rare, representing less than 0.1% of all ovarian neoplasms. Among the myriad causes of hirsutism, ovarian tumors account for 1% of the reported cases. We present the case of a 49-year-old parous postmenopausal woman who sought medical attention for hirsutism for 2 years. This case illustrates the unusual and interesting connection between rare ovarian pathology and the clinical manifestation of hirsutism in a postmenopausal patient. Her ultrasonography and MRI showed a right adnexal mass of solid-cystic consistency with thin septations. Her laboratory workup revealed high levels of total testosterone of 256 ng/ml (8.4-48.1ng/ml) and free testosterone of 7.36 pg/ml (0.2-4.1 pg/ml), while DHEAS - 234 µg/dl (35.4-256 µg/dl) and CA125 - 15.8U/L (0.0-35 U/L) were in the normal range. She underwent exploratory laparotomy with a total abdominal hysterectomy and oophorectomy. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry conclusively established the presence of a steroid cell tumor, specifically classified as "Not Otherwise Specified"(NOS), in the right ovary.

Sex differences in the impact of musculoskeletal disorders on health-related quality of life: a population-based study, Campinas, SP - ISACamp 2014/15 / Diferenças entre os sexos no impacto das doenças musculoesqueléticas na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde: estudo de base populacional, Campinas, SP - ISACamp 2014/15

Abstract This article aims to estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MD) on the adult population of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, verifying associated demographic and socioeconomic factors, and to analyze their impact on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) according to sex. A population-based study was conducted with 2,166 individuals using data from the ISACamp 2014/15. The Medical Outcomes Study SF-36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to measure HRQoL according to MD. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression. Musculoskeletal disorders had a prevalence of 8.5% (6.7% tendonitis and 2.7% work-related musculoskeletal disorders - WMSD). Results showed a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in women, active or on leave due to illness, and in individuals with higher education levels. Moreover, reduced HRQoL scores were observed in 6 of the 8 domains, due to MD. The mental component and physical component showed greater impairment respectively among women and men after self-reported WMSD. These findings point to substantial damage from musculoskeletal disorders on the population's HRQoL. WMSD affect the HRQoL of men and women distinctly.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência de doenças musculoesqueléticas (DM) na população adulta de Campinas/SP, Brasil, verificar fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos associados e analisar o seu impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) segundo sexo. Este é um estudo de base populacional utilizando dados do ISACamp 2014/15, com 2.166 indivíduos. Para a medida de QVRS, foram calculados os escores médios do Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) segundo as DM e utilizada a regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP). A prevalência de DM foi de 8,5% (6,7% de tendinite e 2,7% de doenças osteomusculares relacionadas ao trabalho - DORT). Os resultados deste estudo mostraram maior prevalência de DM em mulheres, na população adulta ativa ou afastada por doença e em indivíduos com maior escolaridade. Além disso, observou-se redução nos escores de QVRS, devido às DM, em quase todos os domínios do instrumento. O maior comprometimento foi observado no componente mental entre as mulheres, e no componente físico, entre os homens, após autorrelato de DORT. Os achados mostram o impacto substancial das DM na QVRS da população. As DORT afetam distintamente a QVRS de homens e mulheres.

Health and lifestyle parameters in peripheral artery disease at two periods of the COVID-19 pandemic: comparison between men and women

ABSTRACT Objective: This study analyzed the impact of sex on self-reported health and lifestyle parameters in peripheral artery disease patients at two periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this longitudinal study, 99 patients with peripheral artery disease (53 men and 46 women) were evaluated during two periods of the COVID-19 pandemic ( i.e ., at onset: May to August 2020, and on follow-up: May to August 2021). Patients were interviewed via telephone, and information regarding lifestyle and health parameters was obtained. Results: At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, health and habit parameters were similar between women and men, with 63.0% and 45.3% indicating frequent fatigue, 73.9% and 84.9% reporting increased sitting time, and 23.9% and 39.6% practicing physical activity, respectively. At follow-up, difficulties in physical mobility (women: from 26.1% to 73.9%, p<0.001; men: from 39.6% to 71.7%, p=0.001) and the frequency of hospitalization for reasons other than COVID-19 increased similarly in women and men (women: from 4.3% to 21.7%, p=0.013; men: from 9.4% to 24.5%, p=0.038). The other parameters were similar between the periods. Conclusion: Self-reported physical mobility difficulties and hospitalization frequency increased in women and men with peripheral artery disease.

Ascending Aortic Surgery for Small Aneurysms in Men and Women

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to recent data, thoracic aortic surgery has reduced morbidity and mortality including ascending aortic aneurysm treatment; however, women are at increased postoperative risk of adverse outcomes. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate early and late outcomes in male and female patients who underwent pre-emptive ascending aortic replacement (AAR). Methods: From January 2013 to September 2021, 91 patients (56 [61.5%] men and 35 [38.5%] women) underwent AAR for small (ranged from 5.0 to 5.5 cm) non-syndromic aneurysms. A propensity score-based adjustment of the groups was performed. We compared clinical outcomes between males and females. Results: Preoperative normalized aortic diameters were significantly larger in females (2.9 [2.7; 3.2] cm/m2) than in males (2.5 [2.3; 2.6] cm/m2, P<0.001), without differences in absolute values (51 [49; 53] mm vs. 52 [50; 53] mm, P=0.356). There were no significant differences in neurological, cardiac, pulmonary, and renal complications in both groups before and after matching. In-hospital mortality was 1 (1.8%) and 2 (5.7%) (P=0.307) in male and female patients in unmatched groups and 1 (2.9%) and 2 (5.7%) (P=0.553) in matched groups, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the only risk factor for in-hospital mortality was age (odds ratio 1.117, 95% confidence interval 1.003-1.244; P=0.04). The overall survival rate was 83.5±0.06% in men and 94.3±0.04% in women at 36 months (P=0.404). Conclusion: Ascending aortic surgery for aneurysms ranged from 5.0 to 5.5 cm seems to have tolerable early and late outcomes in men and women.

Characterization of genital chlamydia amongst female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya

Introduction: genital chlamydia, which is caused by diverse Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes, is largely asymptomatic. We aimed to identify C. trachomatis genotypes causing genital chlamydia among female sex workers attending a sex workers outreach program clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted between 18 April 2017 and 19 March 2021. Genitourinary complaints from eligible female sex workers were documented using a structured questionnaire. Endocervical swabs were collected for laboratory analysis. C. trachomatis plasmid DNA was extracted, PCR-amplified, and sequenced. Consensus sequences were generated and aligned with reference sequences to determine the C.trachomatis genotypes. Bivariate analysis was used to determine the association between genitourinary complaints and genital chlamydia. Results: endocervical swabs were collected from a total of 348 participants. Of these, 46 (13.2%) were positive for C. trachomatis. Most (297, 85.3%) of the participants presented with pelvic discharge with or without other symptoms. Fifteen (15, 4.3%) had abdominal pain and 3 (0.9%) had an itchy vulva. There was no statistically significant relationship between clinical presentation and genital chlamydia. Twenty-three samples were successfully sequenced. Each sequence was at least 90% identical to each of the 13 references C. trachomatis genotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Ia, J, L1, L2, L2b and L3. Conclusion: we found no significant association between individual genitourinary complaints and genital chlamydia infection. The C. trachomatis genotypes circulating amongst female sex workers in Nairobi could be related to genotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Ia, J, L1, L2, L2b, and L3.

Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach / Sexagem por eversão do falo em Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): uma nova abordagem não invasiva

Abstract The sexing of species is an important tool for population management. In tortoises and turtles, sexing is usually done according to secondary characteristics, such as plastron morphology or phallus eversion techniques. In this paper, we present the phallus eversion method and compare its efficiency to other existing techniques. This new method aims at shortening the management time and reducing the physical aftereffects on the animals, fostering the clinical and reproductive management of Geoffroy's side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) and related species. A sample of fifty individuals was taken in the central region of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. The proposed method consisted of moving the head from its resting position. The methods achieving a success rate higher than 80% were compared to each other as for the stimulation time required for phallus eversion. The method as here proposed achieved 100% efficiency in the sex determination of specimens with a linear carapace length between 10 and 34 cm. Also, when compared to the second most efficient method, it substantially reduced the time needed for managing the specimens (91%), avoiding possible sequelae in the individuals handled.

Resumo A sexagem das espécies é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo populacional. Em tartarugas, cágados e jabutis, a sexagem geralmente é feita de acordo com características secundárias, como morfologia do plastrão ou técnicas de eversão do falo. Neste artigo, apresentamos o método de eversão do falo e comparamos sua eficiência com outras técnicas existentes. Este novo método visa encurtar o tempo de manejo e reduzir os efeitos colaterais físicos nos animais, promovendo o manejo clínico e reprodutivo do cágado-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e espécies relacionadas. Uma amostra de cinquenta indivíduos foi coletada na região central do estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. O método proposto consiste em remover a cabeça de sua posição de repouso. Os métodos que obtiveram índice de sucesso superior a 80% foram comparados entre si quanto ao tempo de estimulação necessário para a eversão do falo. O método aqui proposto alcançou 100% de eficiência na determinação do sexo de espécimes com comprimento de carapaça linear entre 10 e 34 cm. Além disso, quando comparado ao segundo método mais eficiente, reduziu substancialmente o tempo necessário para o manejo dos espécimes (91%), evitando possíveis sequelas nos indivíduos manuseados.

Bocio endotorácico / Endothoracic Goiter

Introducción: Un bocio se considera intratorácico cuando más de un 50 por ciento de la glándula tiroides está en el mediastino, o sea, por debajo del nivel del estrecho torácico superior. Se trata de una enfermedad poco frecuente que padece aproximadamente el 3 por ciento de los pobladores del mundo. La incidencia del bocio nodular ha disminuido debido a la ingestión en algunos países de sal yodada y alimentos ricos en yodo. Esta enfermedad alcanza alrededor del 10 por ciento de las masas mediastínicas. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente masculino, operado de bocio endotorácico en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Presentación de caso: Se presenta un paciente masculino, de 48 años de edad, que acude a consulta y refiere aumento de volumen del cuello en la región anterior, que se acompaña de decaimiento y en ocasiones disfagia tanto a los alimentos líquidos como a los sólidos. Además, refiere ligera disnea que tolera adecuadamente cuando realiza las actividades de la vida diaria. Por tratarse de una enfermedad poco frecuente, se considera de interés científico publicar el caso para conocimiento de los profesionales dedicados al estudio y tratamiento de las afecciones tiroideas. Conclusiones: El bocio endotorácico es una entidad poco frecuente y en todos los casos requiere de intervención quirúrgica(AU)

Introduction: A goiter is considered intrathoracic when more than 50 percent of the thyroid gland is in the mediastinum; in other words, below the level of the superior thoracic outlet. It is a rare disease that affects approximately 3 percent of the world's population. The incidence of nodular goiter has decreased due to the ingestion of iodized salt and iodine-rich foods in some countries. This disease accounts for about 10 percent of mediastinal masses. Objective: To present the case of a male patient operated on for endothoracic goiter in the province of Cienfuegos. Case presentation: The case is presented of a 48-year-old male patient who comes for consultation referring a volume increase in the anterior neck region, accompanied by decay and sometimes dysphagia to both liquid and solid food. In addition, he reports slight dyspnea that he tolerates adequately when performing daily living activities. Since this is a rare disease, it is considered of scientific interest to publish the case for the knowledge of professionals dedicated to studying and treating thyroid disorders. Conclusions: Endothoracic goiter is a rare entity and, in all cases, requires surgical intervention(AU)

Phallus eversion sexing in Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines: Chelidae): a new non-invasive approach

Abstract The sexing of species is an important tool for population management. In tortoises and turtles, sexing is usually done according to secondary characteristics, such as plastron morphology or phallus eversion techniques. In this paper, we present the phallus eversion method and compare its efficiency to other existing techniques. This new method aims at shortening the management time and reducing the physical aftereffects on the animals, fostering the clinical and reproductive management of Geoffroys side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) and related species. A sample of fifty individuals was taken in the central region of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. The proposed method consisted of moving the head from its resting position. The methods achieving a success rate higher than 80% were compared to each other as for the stimulation time required for phallus eversion. The method as here proposed achieved 100% efficiency in the sex determination of specimens with a linear carapace length between 10 and 34 cm. Also, when compared to the second most efficient method, it substantially reduced the time needed for managing the specimens (91%), avoiding possible sequelae in the individuals handled.

Resumo A sexagem das espécies é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo populacional. Em tartarugas, cágados e jabutis, a sexagem geralmente é feita de acordo com características secundárias, como morfologia do plastrão ou técnicas de eversão do falo. Neste artigo, apresentamos o método de eversão do falo e comparamos sua eficiência com outras técnicas existentes. Este novo método visa encurtar o tempo de manejo e reduzir os efeitos colaterais físicos nos animais, promovendo o manejo clínico e reprodutivo do cágado-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e espécies relacionadas. Uma amostra de cinquenta indivíduos foi coletada na região central do estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. O método proposto consiste em remover a cabeça de sua posição de repouso. Os métodos que obtiveram índice de sucesso superior a 80% foram comparados entre si quanto ao tempo de estimulação necessário para a eversão do falo. O método aqui proposto alcançou 100% de eficiência na determinação do sexo de espécimes com comprimento de carapaça linear entre 10 e 34 cm. Além disso, quando comparado ao segundo método mais eficiente, reduziu substancialmente o tempo necessário para o manejo dos espécimes (91%), evitando possíveis sequelas nos indivíduos manuseados.

Associations between Sociodemographic and Behavioral Variables and Educational Practices on Mother-Child Dyads

The association between the sociodemographic variables of children with behavior problems and mothers with maternal depression is widely acknowledged in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the association of these variables with maternal parenting practices in typical samples, i.e., children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. The aim of this study was to identify associations between the sociodemographic variables of children and mothers with the mothers' parenting practices and children's behavioral indicators (resources and problems) in a sample of children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. This quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study addressed 46 biological mothers (married or in a stable relationship) and their children. A sociodemographic questionnaire and validated instruments addressing child behavior, maternal mental health, and parenting practices were applied. Findings showed that the mothers did not present mental health problems (e.g., behavior problems or maternal depression), but a) they presented deficits of positive practices and an excess of negative practices, and the children displayed deficits in social skills and behavior problems; b) there was an association between positive practices and the children's social skills and between negative practices and children's behavior problems; c) the frequency of positive and negative practices was equivalent among boys and girls, and d) boys more frequently presented behavior problems while school-aged children more frequently presented social skills deficits. The results indicate that even non-clinical samples may present harmful parenting practices, excess negative practices, and deficits in positive practices. Hence, there is a need for timely interventions to prevent behavior problems among children and maternal depression arising from conflicting interactions in the parenthood sphere.

Las asociaciones de variables sociodemográficas de madres con depresión materna y de sus hijos con problemas comportamentales son ampliamente reconocidas en la literatura. Por otro lado, en muestras típicas existe un vacío de estudios que traten de las asociaciones de esas variables con las prácticas parentales maternas; o sea, en niños de corta edad sin problemas comportamentales y en madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las asociaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas de hijos y de las prácticas parentales de sus madres con los indicadores comportamentales de recursos y problemas de los hijos. Se utilizó una muestra de hijos sin problemas comporta-mentales y de madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Participaron 46 madres biológicas que vivían con su pareja y sus hijos. Las participantes respondieron al cuestionario sobre variables sociodemográficas y a los instrumentos calibrados sobre comportamientos infantiles, salud mental materna y prácticas educativas. Se identificó que: (a) a pesar de no presentar problemas de salud mental (problemas de comportamiento y depresión materna), las madres evidenciaron un déficit de prácticas positivas y un exceso de prácticas negativas; a su vez, los hijos presentaron déficit de habilidades sociales y hubo quejas comportamentales; (b) se encontró asociación entre las prácticas positivas y las habilidades sociales; también se encontró asociación entre las prácticas negativas y las quejas comportamentales; (c) las prácticas positivas y negativas ocurrieron de manera equivalente entre niños y niñas; y (d) los niños tuvieron más quejas comportamentales; además, los hijos, en edad escolar, tuvieron más déficits de habilidades sociales. Los datos indican que inclusive en muestras no clínicas existen variables de riesgo en lo que se refiere a la parentalidad, a excesos de prácticas negativas y a déficits de prácticas positivas. Lo encontrado sugiere la necesidad de intervenir precozmente, para evitar el surgimiento de problemas de comportamiento infantil y también de la depresión materna, cuando esta proviene de interacciones de conflictos en el ambiente de la parentalidad.

Reliability of measurements taken from panoramic radiographs for automated sex determination / Confiabilidade das medições obtidas em radiografias panorâmicas para determinação automatizada do sexo

Introduction: forensic anthropology currently serves as a potent tool in primary and secondary identification, especially in mass disasters, increasingly common in our society. Objective: Verify the reproducibility of measured measurements. Proposes methods of personal identification. Method: to verify the reliability of the method, 25 radiographs were selected, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altiman statistical technique were calculated. accuracy of the method, was used. R studio and Medcalc were used. Results: The ICC was above 0.90 for all measurements. According to the Bland-Altman analysis, the average differences observed between examiners ranged from 0.017 (m5) to 0.020 (m7). These results highlight the reliability of measurements made by two different examiners performing the same tasks. Conclusion: The variables used in this study have shown satisfactory reproducibility. Thus, the selected and evaluated data can be used as metadata in automating the sex determination process from panoramic radiographs.

Introdução: A antropologia forense atualmente serve como uma ferramenta potente na identificação primária e secundária, especialmente em desastres em massa, cada vez mais comuns em nossa sociedade. Objetivo: Verificar a reprodutibilidade das medidas mensuradas. Propõe métodos de identificação pessoal. Método: para verificar a confiabilidade do método, foram selecionadas 25 radiografias, calculando-se o coeficiente intraclasse (ICC) e a técnica estatística de Bland-Altiman. Para avaliar a precisão do método, foram utilizados o R studio e o Medcalc. Resultados: O ICC foi superior a 0.90 para todas as medições. De acordo com a análise de Bland-Altman, as diferenças médias observadas entre os examinadores variaram de 0.017 (m5) a 0.020 (m7). Esses resultados destacam a confiabilidade das medições feitas por dois examinadores diferentes realizando as mesmas tarefas. Conclusão: As variáveis utilizadas neste estudo mostraram reprodutibilidade satisfatória. Assim, os dados selecionados e avaliados podem ser usados como metadados na automação do processo de determinação do sexo a partir de radiografias panorâmicas

El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica / Birth order as a risk factor for being victim of sex trafficking in the northern triangle of Central America

RESUMEN Las redes de tráfico humano para la prostitución captan a menores vulnerables, en especial, a quienes consideran no les queda otra opción que emigrar al norte para hacer frente a problemas económicos graves. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si el orden de nacimiento representó un factor de riesgo, asociado a la vulnerabilidad para la trata sexual de menores centroamericanas, traficadas a Estados Unidos. Las entrevistadas mostraban vulnerabilidades vinculadas con estructuras sociales y conductas individuales. Por una parte, todas crecieron en hogares caracterizados por la pobreza extrema. Por otra parte, también presentaban vulnerabilidades relacionadas con el embarazo adolescente, la falta de educación, la disfuncionalidad familiar y la participación en mercados ilegales. Ocupar el primer lugar en orden de nacimiento eleva la vulnerabilidad de las menores a ser traficadas a Estados Unidos para el comercio sexual. Por el contrario, ocupar el último lugar disminuye este riesgo.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking networks for prostitution recruit vulnerable underage girls, especially those who are considered with no choice but to migrate north to cope with serious economic problems. The aim of this work was to determine if birth order represented a risk factor associated to the vulnerability for sex trafficking of Central American female minors. The interviewees presented vulnerabilities associated to social structures and individual behaviors. On the one hand, all of them grew up in house holds characterized by extreme poverty. On the other hand, they also had vulnerabilities related to teenage pregnancy, lack of education, family dysfunction and participation in illegal markets. Findings suggest that occupying the first place in the order of birth raises the vulnerability of minors to being trafficked to the United States for sex trade. On the contrary, occupying the last place decreases this risk.

Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres / Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men / Uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: estudio transversal, analítico, nacional realizado de forma online en todas las regiones de Brasil, en 2020, a través de redes sociales y sitios de citas. El uso inconsistente del preservativo se definió como el uso ocasional o no usarlo nunca. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de asociación y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: 1222 (85%) de los 1438 participantes informaron uso inconsistente del preservativo. Las variables "homosexuales" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14-3,59; p = 0,016), "tener pareja estable" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) y "diagnóstico de ITS" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) se asociaron de forma independiente con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino. Las variables "recibió consejo de un amigo sobre la prueba del VIH" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) y "trabajador sexual" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: las variables estudiadas indicaron que hay una fuerte relación entre las parejas estables y el aumento de la confianza y la baja adherencia al uso del preservativo, lo que coincide con otros estudios.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. Method: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. Results: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. Conclusion: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, de abrangência nacional realizado on-line em todas as regiões do Brasil, em 2020, por meio de redes sociais e em sites de relacionamento. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi definido como uso ocasional ou nunca ter usado. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e regressão logística binária. Resultados: o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi relatado por 1222 (85%) dos 1438 participantes. As variáveis "homossexuais" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14- 3,59; p = 0,016), "ter parceiro fixo" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) e "diagnóstico de IST" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) foram independentemente associadas ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino. As variáveis "recebeu aconselhamento de amigo sobre teste de HIV" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) e "profissional do sexo" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: as variáveis estudadas apontaram uma forte relação das parcerias fixas com o aumento da confiança e uma baixa adesão ao uso do preservativo, o que corrobora com outros estudos.

Revisión sobre intervenciones de enfermería exitosas en educación sexual en adolescentes

Introducción: En la adolescencia son frecuentes los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo asociados a desinformación y falta de asesoramiento de la familia y de los profesionales de enfermería, lo que constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas que existen sobre intervenciones de enfermería exitosas en el marco de la educación sexual orientada a la población escolar adolescente. Método: Revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos Dialnet, LILACS y Pubmed. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron documentos que contenían intervenciones de enfermería escolar en educación sexual en población adolescente. Respecto a la selección por calidad metodológica de los artículos, se recurrió a lectura crítica, mediante la aplicación de la lista de comprobación CASPe. Luego se emplearon técnicas de análisis de contenido y se presentaron los resultados en tablas. Resultados: Las intervenciones de enfermería en educación demostraron efectos positivos sobre la salud sexual de los adolescentes, al mejorar sus conocimientos en prevención de embarazo e infecciones de transmisión sexual y disminuir significativamente la probabilidad de cometer conductas de riesgo. Conclusión: Según la bibliografía seleccionada se concluye que la enfermera escolar es un recurso indispensable para padres y educadores, al implementar programas educativos que promueven un desarrollo sexual saludable en los adolescentes.

Introdução: Na adolescência, são frequentes os comportamentos sexuais de risco associados à desinformação e à falta de orientação da família e dos profissionais de enfermagem, o que constitui um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas sobre intervenções de enfermagem bem-sucedidas no âmbito da educação sexual voltada para a população escolar adolescente. Método: Revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados Dialnet, LILACS e Pubmed. Os critérios de inclusão consideraram documentos que continham intervenções de enfermagem escolar em educação sexual na população adolescente. Para a seleção dos artigos quanto à qualidade metodológica, foi utilizada a leitura crítica, aplicando a lista de verificação CASPe. Foram empregadas técnicas de análise de conteúdo e os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas. Resultados: As intervenções de enfermagem na educação demonstraram efeitos positivos na saúde sexual dos adolescentes, melhorando seu conhecimento sobre gravidez e prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e reduzindo significativamente a probabilidade de cometer comportamentos de risco. Conclusão: De acordo com a bibliografia selecionada, conclui-se que o enfermeiro escolar é um recurso indispensável para pais e educadores na implementação de programas educacionais que promovam o desenvolvimento sexual saudável em adolescentes.

Introduction: In adolescence, risky sexual behaviors associated with misinformation and lack of advice from the family and nursing professionals are frequent, which constitutes a public health problem. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on successful nursing interventions within the framework of sexual education oriented to the adolescent school population. Method: Bibliographic review in the Dialnet, LILACS and Pubmed databases. Inclusion criteria considered documents containing school nursing interventions in sex education in the adolescent population. Regarding the selection of articles for methodological quality, critical reading was used, by applying the CASP checklist. Content analysis techniques were then used and the results were presented in tables. Results: Nursing interventions in education showed positive effects on the sexual health of adolescents, improving their knowledge of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection prevention and significantly reducing the probability of committing risky behaviors. Conclusion: According to the selected bibliography, it is concluded that the school nurse is an indispensable resource for parents and educators, implementing educational programs that promote healthy sexual development in adolescents.

Radiological and Anatomical Evaluation of the Tracheal Morphology and Morphometry in Turkish Adults / Evaluación Radiológica y Anatómica de la Morfología y Morfometría Traqueal en Adultos Turcos

SUMMARY: The trachea is a tubular organ lying between larynx and lungs containing smooth muscle, membranes, and cartilage. This paper evaluated the dimessions of the trachea and main bronchi morphometry in healthy adults using Computed Tomography. This retrospective observational study was performed with 170 healthy adult subjects (89 females, 52.35 %; 81 males,47.65 %). The length of the trachea, the anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the trachea and the right and left main bronchi were measured. From these measurements, the trachea shape were calculated and four types of trachea were identified as circular, oval, horseshoe-shaped, and rectangular. All measurements were significantly higher in males than females (excluding tracheal bifurcation angle). According to the value obtained by dividing the anteroposterior by the width of the trachea, tracheal shapes are considered; the circular shape was seen 104 subjects (61.2 %), followed by oval type (34 subjects), horseshoe type (24 subjects) and rectangular type. (8 subjects). Also, the most frequently seen was circular type in both females and males. Hovewer, there was no significant difference between sex in terms of trachea shape. Additionally, a striking finding was that trachea morphometry and morphology showed the significance according to age dependent changes. Trachea measurements were affected several reasons such as used methods, age, sex, or race. This study has many clinical importance as it may reduce the risk of accidental damage to these area by clinicians such as cardiothoracic surgeons, anesthetist, or radiologist.

La tráquea es un órgano tubular que se encuentra entre la laringe y los pulmones y que contiene músculo liso, membranas y cartílago. Este trabajo evaluó las dimensiones de la tráquea y la morfometría de los bronquios principales en adultos sanos mediante Tomografía Computarizada. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo se realizó con 170 sujetos adultos sanos (89 mujeres, 52,35 %; 81 hombres, 47,65 %). Se midió la longitud de la tráquea, el diámetro anteroposterior y transversal de la tráquea y los bronquios principales derecho e izquierdo. A partir de estas mediciones, se calculó la forma de la tráquea y se identificaron cuatro tipos de tráquea: circular, ovalada, en forma de herradura y rectangular. Todas las mediciones fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres (excluyendo el ángulo de bifurcación traqueal). Según el valor que se obtiene al dividir el anteroposterior por el ancho de la tráquea, se consideran las formas traqueales; la forma circular fue observada en 104 sujetos (61,2 %), seguida del tipo ovalado (34 sujetos), tipo herradura (24 sujetos) y tipo rectangular (8 sujetos). Además, el tipo más frecuente fue el circular tanto en mujeres como en hombres. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre sexos en términos de forma de la tráquea. Además, un hallazgo sorprendente fue que la morfometría y la morfología de la tráquea mostraron importancia según los cambios dependientes de la edad. Las mediciones morfométricas de la tráquea se vieron afectadas por varios motivos, como los métodos utilizados, la edad, el sexo o la raza. Este estudio tiene importancia clínica ya que puede reducir el riesgo de daño accidental por parte de médicos como cirujanos cardiotorácicos, anestesistas o radiólogos.

Sex Determination in the Contemporary Chilean Population by Mandible Analysis in Panoramic Radiographies / Estimación Sexual de la Población Chilena Contemporánea Mediante Análisis de la Mandíbula en Radiografías Panorámicas

SUMMARY: Sex identification of a deceased human individual by means of the mandible is very important for forensic dentistry. The aim of the present study was to determine the sex of Chilean individuals by mandible analysis in panoramic radiographies. Linear and angular parameters of the mandible were analyzed from panoramic radiographies (PR). The study included PR of adult Chilean individuals, of both sexes, with optimum solution and contrast, and which allowed the angles and rami of the mandible to be viewed. Sex was determined by univariate and bivariate discriminant function analysis. The sample consisted of 594 PR of individuals aged between 18 and 84 years. The best sex predictor using univariate discriminant function analysis was the mandibular ramus height (MRH) (74.1 %), followed by the distance from the mental foramen - mandibular base (DMF-MB) (69.1 %) and the bicondylar breadth (BC) (66.7 %). The parameters that presented the lowest sex prediction were the angle of the mandible (AM) with 55.0 % and the distance between mental foramina (DMF) with 53.7 %. The best sex prediction was obtained by the step model of discriminant function analysis (80.2 %), including only three parameters: MRH, BC and DMF-MB. The parameters height of the mandibular ramus, bicondylar breadth and distance from the mental foramen - base of the mandible are good predictors of sex in Chilean individuals when used in conjunction; they are therefore indicated for sex determination in the contemporary Chilean population.

La identificación humana de un individuo fallecido a través de la mandíbula es muy relevante para la odontología forense. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el sexo de individuos Chilenos a través del análisis de la mandíbula, utilizando radiografías panorámicas. Fueron analizados parámetros lineales y angulares de la mandíbula, a través de radiografías panorámicas (RP). Se incluyeron RP de individuos chilenos adultos, ambos sexos, con solución y contraste óptimos, y que permitían la visualización de los ángulos y ramas de la mandíbula. Se realizó análisis por función discriminante univariada y bivariada para estimación del sexo. Fueron incluidas 594 RP de individuos entre 18 y 84 años. Para el análisis de función discriminante univariado, la altura de la rama mandibular (ARM) fue el parámetro más predictivo (74,1 %), seguido de la distancia foramen mentoniano - base de la mandíbula (DFM-BM) (69,1 %) y el ancho bicondilar (ABCo) (66,7 %). Los parámetros que presentaron menor predicción sexual fueron el ángulo de la mandíbula (AM) con un 55,0 % y la distancia inter-forámenes mentonianos (DIFM), con el 53.7 %. El análisis por pasos fue el modelo de análisis de función discriminante que presentó la mayor predicción sexual (79,5 %), en el cual fueron incluidos sólo tres parámetros: ARM, ABCo y DFM-BM. Los parámetros altura de la rama de la mandíbula, ancho bicondilar y distancia desde el foramen mentoniano hasta la base de la mandíbula son buenos predictores del sexo en individuos Chilenos cuando utilizados en conjunto y están indicados para estimar el sexo en la población chilena contemporánea.

Sexualidade feminina e os usos de sex toys / Sex toys and female sexuality / La sexualidad femenina y los usos de juguetes sexuales

Sex toys nem sempre foram utilizados visando prazeres sexuais, mas também como instrumentos terapêuticos e/ou de dominação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi compreender significados dos usos dos sex toys por mulheres. Quinze mulheres cisgêneras responderam a uma entrevista cujos conteúdos foram organizados em duas categorias analisadas a partir dos argumentos sobre contrassexualidade e sociedade farmacopornográfica. Os principais resultados destacaram aspectos positivos (produção do prazer, da saúde e do empoderamento; novas experiências sexuais; autoconhecimento) e negativos (custo; culpabilização; julgamentos) no uso dos sex toys. Destacam-se as potencialidades destes objetos enquanto produtores de transformações nos esquemas normalizadores do dispositivo da sexualidade. (AU)

Sex toys have not always been used as objects of sexual pleasure, but also as therapeutic instruments of male domination. The objective of this research was to understand the meanings of the uses of sex toys by women. Fifteen cisgender women participated in this research and their answers were organized into two categories analyzed from arguments about counter-sexuality and pharmacopornographic society. The main results highlighted positive aspects (sexual pleasure, mental health, and female empowerment; new sexual experiences; self-knowledge) and negative aspects (high cost; guilt for masturbation; judgment by others) in the use of sex toys. We highlight the potential of these objects as producers of sexuality dispositive. (AU)

Los juguetes sexuales no siempre se han utilizado como objetos de placer sexual, sino también como instrumentos terapéuticos y/o de dominación masculina. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender los significados de los usos de los juguetes sexualespor las mujeres. Quince mujeres cisgénero participaron de una entrevista y sus respuestas fueron organizadas a partir de un análisis de contenido temático en dos categorías analizadas a partir de argumentos sobre la contra-sexualidad y la sociedad farmacopornográfica. Los principales resultados destacaron los aspectos positivos (producción de placer sexual, salud mental y empoderamiento femenino; nuevas experiencias sexuales; autoconocimiento) y los negativos (alto coste; sentimiento de culpa por la masturbación; juicio de terceros y familiares) en el uso de juguetes sexuales. Destacamos el potencial de estos joguetes sexuales como productores de transformaciones en los esquemas de normalización del dispositivo de sexualidad. (AU)